The Great Law that binds

The great law that binds the people who build.

The art of teaching Iroquois Indians, at the sources of the first constitution.

Alexandre Grauer, Indigène Éditions.

The Vikings and the Moines Templar soldiers in the 13th century educated the Iroquois so that they abandon their tents and their tipis in order to build long semi -buried huts and thus improve their living conditions. They thus copied the constructions made in this maritime base of the Gulf of Saint Laurent by the Vikings and Templières fleets which then went to South America and Mexico to trade with the civilization of the Andes and that of Central America.

These Iroquois were thus the first Native Americans to build more comfortable and secure buildings than their tents’ rallies. In South America and Mexico, present civilizations knew how to build stone cities with running water in houses. These constructions used manufacturing techniques often higher than in Europe at that time. They were also trained in the way of living together in a Confederation so as not to keep warllaes continuously but also develop their own civilization.

The first democratic confederal constitution in human history.

NOTE: at least known, because the documents that trace the organization in life networks of the medieval period were destroyed as regards the order Templier or burned during the riots of July – August 1789 for those that could have been preserved in the countryside until then. Except in the free cities of Alsace, the Decapolis, but they date from 1354. The archives of the Republic of Strasbourg dating from this medieval period burned in 1870 during a German bombing. In Germany, the archives of the Teutonic order seem to have suffered the same fate over time.

The library of Mount Cassin was saved in 1944 and transported to the Vatican, irony of history because in the year 500 it had been constituted precisely to escape the power of the papacy. The part that had been moved to Cluny around the year 900 was apparently lost.

But across the Atlantic, the Iroquois Confederation remained intact to this day.

Six nations of the Iroquois group, decided to gather around an oral law, the Great Law that Lies, to end their incessant conflicts.

presentation text on the back cover of the book:

“By the middle of the 14th century, in the north-east of the American continent, five Indian nations (the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, the Seneca), soon joined by a sixth (the Tuscarora) and belonging to the Iroquois group, decided to gather around an oral law, the Great Law that Lies, to end their incessant conflicts.

It is the first democratic confederation in human history. Four centuries later, in 1776, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams drew on the Great Law to draft the US Declaration of Independence, as did the fathers of the US Constitution in 1787. Then it will be Marx and Engels’ turn, thanks to the work of the American anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan, to become passionate about this “stateless society, where all are equal and free, including women”. It was even reported that the Iroquois Indians “had surpassed Roman law

It is this story, too long hidden, that the contemporary masters of Iroquois sculpture and Alexandre Grauer, their European messenger, tell us in this book through their splendid art of teaching.

Alexandre Grauer, ethno-historian, assessor at the Commission of Conciliation and Customs Expertise, was commissioned by the Iroquois traditionalist leaders of the Great Lakes region, in the north-east of the American continent, to make known in Europe the culture of this people called “the People who build”

Alexandre Grauer, Indigène Éditions.

carte de la confederation des 5 nations iroquoises

The rules adopted by the Iroquois people also called Haudenosaunee people

The Great Law which Binds: it comprises 117 articles and defines the functions and prerogatives of the fifty chiefs or royaneh who sit on the Council of Nations, as well as the number of royaneh per nation.

The French text of the Great Law of Peace or the Constitution of the Iroquois Confederation of 1142:

https://www.dropbox.com/s/4h62mr085vq636t/Constitution_Confederation_Iroquoise.pdf?dl=0

the decision-making system is based on the principle of subsidiarity

decision-making system

The organization is based on a decision-making system based on the principle of subsidiarity, whereby only matters that cannot be decided at the lower level of decision are referred to the higher level.

The Iroquois people also called Haudenosaunee people are organized into family, clan, nation and confederation. It is not a hierarchical system because royaneh and other leaders have no power to exercise: they are only the spokesmen for popular decisions. On the other hand, they must have human skills and a deep honesty to discuss and negotiate the problems that are brought before the higher courts.

Each level of organization has its own board of fire where decisions are made according to the same process: the board formed three panels, two of which were debating and the third arbitrator. All decisions must be taken unanimously at each organizational level. 

The ultimate power to decide and the power to veto decisions voted unanimously is granted to the Mothers of Clans.

This operation presents risks of blocking or skidding. The ultimate power to decide and the power to veto decisions voted unanimously is granted to the Mothers of Clans, the royaneh women, the most influential “citizens” of the Confederation. They also have the power to appoint new chiefs or remove them.

Article 53 stipulates : “When royaneh women, holders of the title of leader, choose one of their sons as their candidate, they must choose one who inspires total trust, is benevolent and honest, knows how to look after his own affairs, supports his family and has obtained the trust of his nation. 

Article 36: “women are the heirs to the titles of the confederate chiefs, as well as those of the warlords. Wiser or older women can bring down political leaders for lack of trust, political error, or social injustice. Theft, deception, lawlessness, and wealth accumulation were harshly repressed. A good politician, a good leader, was appointed for life for his generosity, intelligence, common sense, rhetoric, and probity.

the functioning of the institutions: 

The Council of Nations, or Grand Council

is composed of fifty members appointed for life, each belonging to an ancient family of maternal lineage.

This Grand Council is tripartite.

At the assemblies, the chiefs are divided into two deliberative bodies, separated by the central fire. The first body, east of the fire, is composed of the Mohawk and Seneca kingdoms (called “the oldest brothers”). The second is located to the west and is composed of dignitaries oneida and cayuga (called “younger brothers”). The third deliberative body of this assembly is to the north, it is the chiefs onondaga, the guardians of the Council fire, who decide in case of divergence between the two other bodies. This is why the Tree of Great Peace was planted on the onondaga territory, for it is the heart of the Confederation.

article 9 : ” All the affairs of the Confederation of the Five Nations shall be dealt with by the combined action of two deliberative bodies of confederal chiefs. First the question will be voted by the Mohawk and Seneca chiefs, then it will be discussed and voted by the oneida and cayuga chiefs. The decisions will then be submitted to the onondaga chiefs (the fire keepers) for final arbitration. The same procedure shall be followed when a matter has been brought before the Council by an individual or a warlord.

In case of disagreement, Article 11 provides that the two parties that vote on a decision shall prevail and that the onondaga chiefs shall in the second round endorse the decision of both parties.

The warlords are at the service of the chiefs of the confederation. 

Article 37 :” There shall be only one warlord per nation, and his duty shall be to be the emissary of the chiefs of that nation, to wield the weapons of war in case of necessity. The warlord will not take part in the Council’s debates, but will have the role of guarantor as to their proper conduct. In case of reprehensible behavior on the part of a leader, he will receive for him the complaints of the people and the warnings of the men. He will convey the wishes of the peoples to the heads of Confederation. In any case, its role is to submit the affairs, questions and proposals of the people to the Confederal Council. 

Article 39 : ” A warlord who acts contrary to the laws of the Great Peace may be deposed by the women and men of his nation, separately or jointly. After that, the women who hold the titles will choose the candidate.

Article 42 : ” the people of the Five Nations shall be divided into clans… The clans form each nation, they must be the sole owners of the territory. It’s a birthright.

Article 43 : ” members of a clan will have to recognize as their parents all other members of that clan regardless of their nationality. Men and women of the same clan can never unite. 

Article 44 : ” Progeny is made by the maternal bond. Women are the source of the nation, they own the country and its land. Men and women rank lower than mothers. 

the rights of foreign nations: 

Article 80 : ” When the Confederate Council of Five Nations sets itself the objective of proposing the Great Peace to a foreign nation and that nation refuses this proposal, then the Five Nations make it a case of war against that nation. The Five Nations must then seek to establish the Great Peace by conquering the rebel nation. 

Article 81 : ” When the men of the Five Nations, called to war, are ready to fight against a nation obstinate in refusing the Great Peace, they will have to choose, from among the five warlords, the one who will lead the battle. He will exhort them, remind them of the discipline to be held, obedience to orders, the bravery and courage they will have to display, and above all encourage them never to yield to cowardice.

After his speech, he will sing the war song : 

To my dismay, I am forced to resort to the power of my war song. I belong to the Five Nations. I pray and submit to the Almighty Creator. He raised that army. My warriors will be brave by the Creator’s strength. Between him and my song, they are, for he gave the song, that war song that I sing .

Article 84 : ” Whenever a foreign nation is conquered or has accepted the Great Peace of its own free will, its own system of government is retained, but it will have to stop being aggressive towards other nations. 

the rights of the peoples of the Five Nations: 

Article 93 : ” When a serious or urgent matter is presented to the Council of Confederation, and this case concerns the Union as a whole, threatening it with absolute ruin, then the heads of the Confederation have a duty to submit the problem to the people’s decision. This decision will dominate the discussions of the Confederation Council and will result in the confirmation of the popular decision.

Article 95 : ” The women of each clan must have a council fire constantly lit and ready to host an assembly. If, in their opinion, it is necessary for the people to hold a council, then it will be held and the resulting decision will be transmitted to the Confederation Council by the Warlord. 

Article 96 : ” All the councils of the fire of the clans may, if necessary, meet in a council of the general fire, or an assembly of delegates of each council of the fire may gather for the good of the people. The people have the right to appoint delegates who will be vested with their power. If a decision is made by this council of the general fire, then it is transmitted to the council of the nation or to the Council of the Confederation by the warlord(s)”.

protection of religious ceremonies: 

Article 99 : ” The rites and ceremonies of each nation must be perpetuated, for they were given by the ancestors, necessary for the good of men”. 

Article 104 : ” Whenever a man demonstrates exemplary life and shows that he knows what is good, he is naturally in a position to teach. The leaders then recognize him as a teacher of peace and spirituality that the people will have to listen to”. 

Relations between the Confederations of Iroquois Nations and France in Canada

The first meeting between the French and the Iroquoians of the Saint-Laurent

document :

On October 2, 1535, at the confluence of the St. Lawrence and the Outaouais River, Jacques Cartier discovered an island then populated by the Iroquoians of the St. Lawrence. Called “Hochelaga” by its inhabitants, and populated by a few thousand inhabitants, Cartier baptizes the place “Mons Realis”, Mont Royal in Latin.

This discovery comes in the context of Jacques Cartier’s second trip to Canada at the request of François I.

He had made a first expedition in 1534. Relatively short (about two months) This trip allows Jacques Cartier to discover the estuary of Saint Laurent. He set foot in Gaspésie on Friday July 24, 1534, signing the birth certificate of French America.

Cartier’s second trip has a double historical character. It is the first in which the French spend a full winter in North America (from 1535 to 1536).

It is also during this expedition that Cartier baptizes the “Prouvynce de Canada” territory. The term comes from the Iroquois “Kanata” which means “village” or “earth”. It originally designated only the village of Stadaconé in the Limoilou district of the current city of Quebec.

This second trip to Canada started on May 19, 1535. After exploring the mouth of Saint Laurent, Jacques Cartier understands that this vast maritime space leads to a river and not to the ocean. Cartier dates back to October 1535 and it was in this context that he discovered the Iroquoien village of Hochelaga, on the current site of the city of Montreal. It is then a small town populated by about three thousand Amerindians with a semi-nomadic lifestyle.

On the table below, the village has the semi-buried long houses that the Templar monks and the Vikings taught them to build during their trips to the Andes of Tiahuanaco in the 13th century when the Gulf of St. Lawrence served as a stopover for Refuel after crossing the Atlantic and before the descent of the coast towards Mexico and the rivers of South America.

During the third (and last) expedition of Jacques Cartier in 1541, the Amerindians deserted the premises, probably after having exhausted the surrounding floors. The Iroquoians of Saint Laurent had indeed kept a semi-nomadic lifestyle consisting in moving from place to place, always in order to cultivate more fertile land. A century later, the Hochelaga site is still deserted. It is in this context that the French settled there on May 17, 1642. Under the direction of Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, they founded Ville-Marie, the future city of Montreal.

Jacques Cartier en 1535 rencontre les Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent dans un village qui deviendra ensuite la ville de Montréal
Jacques Cartier in 1535 Meet the Iroquoans of the Saint Laurent

source : Histoire de France 2.0, 3octobre 2022

Secession among the Iroquois

To maintain their population in periods of terrible epidemics, the Iroquoise League led raids of captures from Virginia to Lake Saint-Jean and from the banks of the Atlantic to the big lakes. Thanks to their victories, the Iroquois were able to avoid depopulation at home by integrating, generally by force many captives.

They succeed so that their company will become cosmopolitan, now made up of a majority of foreigners. After the 1640s, there is more and more polarization between the traditionalist Iroquois of strain (the native masters) and the Catholic captives (whose life is similar to slavery).

The political organization of Iroquoise society was based on consensus. The appearance of irreducible antagonisms on central issues between captives and masters, led to secession. This provoked, among other things, the migration of Iroquois converted to the “reductions” of Montreal. They are therefore captives that have migrated, rather than “pure wool Iroquois”. In 1679, two-thirds of the Agains had left their villages from the Mohawk river for the reduction of the banks of the Saint Laurent.

source : https://www.facebook.com/musee.delaneufvefrance/ 02/11/2022

The Iroquois allied with the English who settled on the east coast, their region of origin.

document:

On August 19, 1665: the ship La Paix disembarks its troops in Quebec. During 1665, Louis XIV sent the regiment of Carignan-Salières to New France. It was a matter of protecting the Iroquois colony. A total of six ships were used to transport the troops.

The Carignan-Salières regiment was the merger in 1665 of the Carignan regiment (Piémontais, created in 1644) and the Salières regiment, named after the Marquis de Salières born in Hauterives (now the Drôme department). The Carignan Regiment has been involved in numerous conflicts for nearly 20 years. In particular, he distinguished himself against the Turks during the Battle of St. Gotthard (August 1, 1664). His ambition now was to stand out against the Iroquois who had been at war with France for several decades, with the help of the British.

In 1665, the regiment was transported to the theater of operations in New France.

The “Joyeux Siméon”, a 200-ton ship, reached Quebec City on June 19. The “Brézé”, 800 tons, 60 guns, arrived at Percé (Gaspé) from the West Indies. Too heavy to reach Quebec City, his troops were transported on small ships, arriving at port on June 30, 1665. On August 19, it was the turn of “La Paix” to disembark his troops. “L’Aigle d’Or”, the “Saint-Sébastien” and the “Justice” will continue the landing operations of the troops until 12 September 1665. The “Jardin de Hollande”, 300 tons, will conclude the operation by landing the equipment of the Carignan-Salières regiment the following days.

The French were allied with the Hurons and the Amerindian nations present at the mouth of the St. Lawrence since the Great Alliance of 1603.

Through alliances with the Native Americans, the French stopped the Iroquois incursions in less than two years. The peace was finally concluded in March 1667. The regiment had about 250 dead in operation.

His mission ended in 1667 and the regiment was demobilized. About 400 soldiers remained in New France, contributing to the expansion of the small French colony.

source: https://www.facebook.com/histoiresdefrance2.0

document :

October 22, 1692 Iroquoise attack on the Fort de Verchères. At eight in the morning, having a soldier in a faction, Iroquois, hidden in the neighboring bushes, arose suddenly and seized around twenty inhabitants occupied with field work on the work of the fields . Madeleine Jarret de Verchères, who was 400 steps from La Palisade, managed to join the fort of which she closed the door on her. Here’s how she describes the events: “Shouting to arms, and without browsing the groans of several desolate women to see their husbands removed, I mounted on the bastion or was the sentry. […] I metamorphosay for then by putting the soldier’s hat on my test and [fis] several small movements to give to connoitre that there were many people that he had that this soldier. “She pulled on the attackers a cannon stroke which” fortunately had all the success that I could wait to warn the strong neighbors to stand on their guards, fear that the Iroquois would make the same blows. “The sound of the cannon, according to the Potherie,” Epouvanta [the Iroquois] of Fraieur, he broke all their measurements & at the same time made a signal to all the North & South Forts of the River from S. bear to Montreal [.. .] To stand on their guard. Each fort also responding from one to the other at the first signal of that of Vercheres, up to Montreal, one detached one hundred men to give it help, which arrived shortly after the Iroquois had eclipse in the woods ».

source : https://www.facebook.com/musee.delaneufvefrance/ 22/10/2022

Here we find a historical element that shows that the link between the Templars and the Vikings of Normandy disappeared during the English colonization of the east coast of North America.

The Vikings and then the Templar Fleet used their colonies and ports in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, well protected from the Atlantic storms on the one hand and on the other hand at the mouth of the river which allows easy transport access to the interior of the continent. French expeditions know this river route and will continue to discover it. The Templar Fleet following the Vikings used only this base in the Gulf of St. Lawrence to then go to Mexico and its silver mines or to the mouths of the Orinoco and Amazon to reach the Andes of Tiahuanaco, a region which had a much greater significance in the history of mankind and whose civilizations were much more advanced than in Europe.

As we will see the map below, France’s choice to go through the rivers to enter the North American continent was wise. Did the French then know that these regions were not rich in resources and civilizations? Was it a political consequence of the Treaty of Tordesillas that had enabled the Spanish and Portuguese to conquer South America, which was much richer than the plains of North America? Returning to South America for the French would have required the sending of armies and warships much larger than that sent, for example in 1665 by Louis XIV. This is confirmed by the events of 1555.

document:

on august 14, 1555: A good French expedition leaves the port of Le Havre, heading for Brazil.

Admiral de Villegagnon was given command of a fleet made available to Gaspard de Coligny by Henry II. The idea was to found a French colony in Brazil where the Huguenots could freely exercise their religion.

On 15 November 1555, the French founded Fort Coligny in the bay of Rio de Janeiro. The coastal strip will be more widely known as Antarctic France. It was the first Western stadium in Rio de Janeiro Bay. It was destroyed by the Portuguese five years later.

Legendre de Boissy, governor of Antarctic France since 1559, continued a skirmish war against the Portuguese for six years. He was permanently expelled from Brazil in January 1566.

Illustration: Antarctic France. Source: Gallica.

To go further: Paul Louis Jacques Gaffarel. “History of French Brazil in the sixteenth century”, Paris, Maison Neuve, 1878.

end of document , source: the same as the link above, history of france2.0

On the other hand, the alliance of the Iroquois with the English settlers is explained by the force of things. The Anglo-Saxon settlers fled their island driven out by civil and religious wars against Ireland and Scotland, whose original Christianity had not been tolerated by Anglo-Saxon leaders since the year 400. The elimination of the Puritan sect following Cromwell’s crimes and then the Second Communist War, followed by famines in Ireland and Scotland, continued these waves of emigration to the New World. The East Coast population was forced to send these newcomers inland. And then this English colony in direct contact with the French army and navy can only be the site of the continuation of the centuries-old conflict between these two countries. The Iroquois had no choice but to ally with England given their nation’s geographical location.

The Iroquois, confident in the power of their Confederation, overestimated their ability to lead the development of the English colonies. We know that the Fathers of American Independence will use the Great Law model that binds them to draft the first US Constitution. This remains plausible.

Another element of explanation of the tragic fate that awaits the Iroquois in their alliance with the English settlers and then the American citizens, is found in English history whose most important wars are against France on European soil and whose maritime expeditions take place for the colonial conquest of continents much richer and more promising than the plains of North America: the Indian subcontinent and Asia, Africa and the Middle East. The settlers from England had little support from the British Navy and Army. The events of 1665 illustrate this point.

Later, in the face of the development of the United States, the Iroquois were forced to leave for the plains of Canada with the English colonists who refused the power of the United States and its way of developing by eliminating the Amerindians so that the Anglo-Saxon financiers could finance their conquest of the wealth of this continent and develop what would become the first industrial power in the world. These English colonists loyal to London would replicate the crimes of English colonization in an attempt to forcibly assimilate the Native Americans of Canada. which will certainly be less exterminated than on american soil.

At the moment, we’re not here yet. Another opportunity to get closer to France took place in 1701 with the Great Peace of Montreal.

document:

The Great Peace of Montreal of 1701

put an end to several decades of conflict between the French and their allies on the one hand and the Iroquois of the League on the other.

From July 23 to August 7, this congress brought together representatives of France – led by the governor of New France, Louis Hector de Callière – and 1,300 indigenous ambassadors from some forty American Indian nations from the shores of the Great Lakes (Huron-Pétuns, Outaouais, Poutéouatamis, Ojibwés, Miamis, Renards, etc.), Mississipi (Illinois), Acadia (Abenakis), Iroquois (the Five Nations of the Iroquois League) and the colony of Saint John St-Laurent (the Aboriginal people of the “domiciled” villages, particularly those of Kahnawake and the Mountain).

The agreement with the Five Nations, which included neutrality in the event of a Franco-British conflict, was generally respected during the 18th century, which contrasted with the often ephemeral treaties of the previous century.

traite de paix de montreal 1701
The Great Peace of Montreal of 1701

ON JUNE 29, 1739, death of Louis-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire, called Sononchiez by the Iroquois. Shortly after his arrival in New France, the Tsonnontouans took him prisoner and decided to put him to death. Joncaire told the intendant Antoine-Denis Raudot, in 1709, that one of the chiefs had tried to burn his fingers as a prelude to torture, but that he, Joncaire, had given the chief a punch which left him broken. the nose. This temerity so impressed the Tsonnontouans that they gave him his life and, moreover, adopted him as one of their own. During Joncaire’s captivity, cordial relations were established between him and the Iroquois which were maintained until his death almost half a century later. The Amerindians, on the one hand, gave him their trust and friendship while Joncaire, on the other hand, acquired an excellent knowledge of their language and a deep understanding of their mentality.

In the event of negotiations to be conducted with this large tribe, he became a valuable auxiliary for New France. With Father Bruyas and Paul Le Moyne de Maricourt, Joncaire played a key role in the negotiations which led to the peace treaty of 1701, a treaty which put an end to the second war with the Iroquois. It was also thanks to Joncaire that New France was able to build a fort at Niagara, on the Tsonnontouan territory, in 1720. According to Bacqueville de La Potherie, Joncaire had a wife in the Iroquois tribe whom he married nearby. from 1690.

source:

https://www.facebook.com/musee.delaneufvefrance/

August 5, 1701: Native Americans and French become brothers

Document:

August 5, 1701, Montreal, New France. The Great Peace was signed the day before between the French and the 30 American Indian nations allied with them, and with the confederation of the 5 Iroquois nations on the other hand. This moment completely forgotten in our history is however a stroke of genius of French diplomacy, its administration and its relation to the world in a general way unique in its history.

France has achieved perhaps what it has never achieved in Europe, that is to say, federating a multitude of nations by proposing a project of perpetual peace more than 80 years before its philosophical theory conceptualized by Kant. She managed not only to be accepted as a full-fledged Native American nation, but also to isolate militarily New England, which was 10 times more populated and no longer had any Aboriginal allies.

At that time, France was not only a party to a comprehensive peace treaty, but also to a military alliance that lasted even after its final ouster from the North American continent in 1763, certain American Indian nations still loyal to France encouraged it to return by launching a war against the English settlers. This last one, however, almost succeeded. I will come back to it later this summer to tell you this funny adventure.

To speak of New France as a French possession in North America would then be far too reductive. The fact that the Americans and the English talk about the military operations in North America during the Seven Years’ War, shows the hybrid character of this new political entity that was born after 1700.

The French were then able to explore the American West, up to the Rockies in complete safety, but also from the South to Texas by installing more than 200 forts throughout the Midwest. What is unique about this continent and which will not happen again is not only the French settlers sailing on chariots across the Midwest, but also the Indian nations of Canada who also settled these almost virgin territories of Greater Louisiana.

If New France had survived, there is no doubt that it would have wrestled its independence from the metropolis sooner or later, and that a mixed-race, French-Indian empire would have supplanted the old metropolitan royal administration. This Great Peace fostered French expansion, but above all allowed the North American Indians to remain in control of the land for another 70 years. Even non-treaty nations such as the Sioux will seek good relations with the French to take advantage of the incredible economic development that the Great Peace of Montreal will bring.

At a time when we no longer have any reference points, when writing a national narrative becomes more and more complicated, it would be interesting to return to the spirit of this Great Peace, hard work of diplomat, military explorer and French religious who managed to find the necessary compromises with each of the nations that were spending their time fighting each other, and to exploit a territory in an intelligent, and above all humane, way.

From Henry IV to Louis XIV, the slogan of the kings of France “make peace with the Indians (not usual of the Amerindians at the time in France) and always seek to live in good intelligence with them” was respected to the letter by all the French pioneers.

In Chateaubriand’s words, “France once had a vast empire in North America, stretching from Labrador to the Florides, and from the shores of the Atlantic to the most remote lakes of Upper Canada.” I would simply add “and who had managed to live in peace with his original inhabitants, and promised the ideal of a new human world as Montaigne imagined at the first time of the discovery of the Americas”

source: F. V. , FB 5 August 2022

français et amérindiens vers 1700
French and Amerindians around 1600
amerindiens guidant les explorateurs français
amerindians guiding french explorers
carte de l'amérique du nord française

We had “found” the Great Law that links the Iroquois nations with the book of Alexander Grauer. It served as a model for the first American Constitution. We wondered why it had not also served as a model for the Convention in 1789-1790 in Paris.

With this article we go back to 1701 and probably even higher with the freebooters then Norman and Breton privateers fighting against Spain and Portugal since the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 and the development of slavery on the American continent.

Following Montaigne and the other authors who preserved the medieval culture of the time of cathedrals and knights, French culture was able to marry the cultures of the peoples who met in the New World.

The project of the Templars and Norman Vikings after 1307 allowed the development of the Inca and Aztec empires until the arrival of the Spanish and Portuguese colonizers. This we knew. Here we go back to the surface of our knowledge, that the implementation around 1350 of the Great Law that binds the Iroquois nations on the banks of the St. Lawrence, remained known in France and that the sailors and scholars, including Montaigne, have retained this knowledge of the Templar project also carried out in North America.

Since 1307 and the departure of part of the Temple Fleet to the port of call of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and then to the ports of Mexico, the mouths of the Orinoco and Amazon to go up to the Andes of Tiahuanaco, not only the maritime expeditions have not ceased but also the political, economic, social and cultural project of founding a new confederation of peoples of diverse origins but capable of living in peace in a project of common development of a new non-colonialist civilization.

This adds to the errors of 1789 a considerable weight of infamy and obliges us with greater determination to put an end to these political errors in the service of the power of the business bourgeoisie. What is true for Paris and France is also true for other European countries that have colonized the American continent and other continents.

As early as 1701, the founding of a group of peoples anxious to live together in social and cultural political and economic development, calls on us again today to rid ourselves of those ruling minorities who usurped this power established in the great peace treaty of 1700. We must free ourselves against these tyrants, the true ones, not those whom history tampered with by the bourgeoisie of 1790 has put us in our history textbooks.

The continuation and end of the Iroquois alliance with the English settlers.

document : August 14, 1756: The French and Native Americans defeated the British at Oswego (present-day New York).

In the week of August 10, 1756, a force commanded by Montcalm operated in this region then controlled by the French crown. The group consists of professional soldiers, the Canadian militia and Native Americans. He captured and razed the British fortifications of Fort Oswego on the south shore of Lake Ontario. The battle lasted four days, at the end of which the British troops surrendered.

In addition to 1,700 English prisoners, Montcalm’s forces seized the 121 guns of the fort.

The Oswego fall marked a stop to British progress in the region and lifted the threat on the neighboring fort of Frontenac. The battle is notable for demonstrating that the European siege tactic is applicable in North America. Even with the support of Native Americans who were not used to this technique. The latter are used to the effect of surprises of skirmishes outside any battles organized in the European way.

Oswego’s victory was very important to the morale of the troops. The capture of the fort allowed the French to protect Fort Niagara and Fort Duquesne from British advances. This was done by establishing a continuous line of French forts from Canada in the north to Mississippi in the south.

The French ensured control of the entire arc from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to Louisiana, with no other British fort in the area.

Moreover, the destruction of the British forts, rather than their occupation, was a message to the Indians. They see this destruction as a return to their ancestral lands.

A message swept by the Iroquois. After the Great Peace of Montreal concluded in 1701, they allied again with the British in the months before the Battle of Oswego. In return, the British undertook not to colonize the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.

The promises were binding only on those who listened to them, and the Iroquois quickly became the turkeys of the farce when, following the peace with the French in 1763, the British began colonizing Iroquois lands.

end of document, source: same as above link, histoiredefrance2.0

We have here an explanation of the decline of the Iroquois nations, which after 1763 saw most of their populations take refuge in Canada. They went to the regions administered by the former English settlers who were determined to remain faithful to the English monarchy but who had betrayed them in 1763.

In these regions, their fate was also complicated and quickly became tragic because the Amerindians present had been the allies of the French and therefore the enemies of the Iroquois until the peace of 1701 then after 1756 and the Battle of Oswego.

It does not appear that the English government authorities of Canada have been diplomatic since 1763 in reaching a new peace treaty similar to that of 1701 and finally bringing the American Indian nations together with the English government of Canada, or even the English monarchy. The last of the Mohawks (Mohicans) is not just a story or a legend but a sinister reality and probably a colonial crime to be attributed to the English monarchy.

The influence of the Great Law that binds.

Benjamin Franklin was interested in the Iroquois from 1744.

Benjamin Franklin, the diplomat responsible for proposing the thirteen colonies as a federation, was primarily interested in the Indians, and more particularly, from 1744, in the Iroquois. His friend, Cadwallader Colden, in 1727, published the first systematic study of Iroquois society: History of the Five Indian Nations Depending on the Province of New York in America.

In terms of political and social organization, the Iroquois “surpassed the Romans”

In this book, Colden asserts that in political and social organization, the Iroquois “surpassed the Romans.” Benjamin Franklin was a printer, and in 1744 he published a treatise that the colonies of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland signed in Lancaster with the chiefs of the Six Nations confederation.

And this advice from the Monondaga chief, Canasatego, to envoys from the three colonies does not fall on deaf ears:

” We are a powerful confederation and by observing methods similar to those developed by our wise ancestors, you will gain a lot of strength and power”. Canasatego, chief onondaga.

Writing the Declaration of Independence in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson, with the help of John Adams

When in 1776 Thomas Jefferson, aided by John Adams and in the shadow of the great Benjamin Franklin, set about writing the Declaration of Independence, the Iroquois example guided his pen. In 1787, Jefferson stated:

« I am convinced that Indian societies without governments enjoy a much higher overall degree of happiness than those living under European regimes. » Jefferson, 1787.

All are equal and free – including women is enthusiastic Engels

Marx was also astonished by this example of a sustainable federal and democratic political system that worked perfectly with a community economic system.

Marx and Engels drew extensively on the Haudenosaunee model described by Lewis Henry Morgan to develop their theories of social evolution.

Engels quotes Morgan:

“Liberty, equality, fraternity, without ever having been formulated, were the fundamental principles of the clan (of the people), and this, in turn, was the unity of an entire social system, the basis of organized Indian society.

This explains the indomitable spirit of independence and the dignity of the personal attitude that everyone recognizes to Indians.”

Morgan

The organization of a company that does not yet know the State

Engels adds:

“Here we have the opportunity to study the organization of a society that does not yet know the state. The State presupposes a particular public power, separate from all the citizens who make up it…

And with all its ingenuity and simplicity, what an admirable constitution of kindness! Without soldiers, gendarmes or policemen, without nobility, without king or governors, without prefect or judges, without prison, without trial, everything goes its regular way…

There can be no poor and needy – the communist domestic economy and people know their obligations towards the old, the sick, the war disabled.

All are equal and free – including women.” 

Friedrich Engels

To also find Alexis de Tocqueville’s account, “Looking at Lower Canada”, Typo editions, 2005, go to the Social Institutions page, Introduction.

links to the haudenosaunee and iroquois people’s websites: 

constitution of iroquois confederation in english

http://www.indigenouspeople.net/iroqcon.htm

http://bataillesocialiste.wordpress.com/documents-historiques/1884-la-gens-iroquoise-engels/

the text of the United States Declaration of Independence and the images of the politicians mentioned:

http://marigot.ca/Atlas/Ind_Pag/Cen_Pag/Haut_Pag/16_Pag/Pres_Bas.htm

The founding fathers of independence.

The Universal Teaching of the Great Law

Similar practices to other First Peoples

the role of women is paramount in maintaining social peace among men.

We can quickly make some connections with other examples of stateless, networked-based societies. As in Oceania or Tibet among the Moso people and more generally among ancient civilizations, the role of women is predominant in maintaining social peace among men.

Among the Iroquois, a man is forced to find his wife in a neighboring clan. Beyond the issues of inbreeding and survival of the human species, this rule aims to fortify the ties between clans, neighboring tribes and we remember here all the pride of a Moso woman who managed to have as regular lover a man from a very remote village or for lovers more than a hundred men.

The matriarchal system also prohibits the direct filiation of power between a leader and one of his sons and thus a form of personal ownership of power.

Real power goes to the collective

On the other hand, an Iroquois leader has no means of coercion or any special prerogative. His power to lead a clan is purely moral, the real power being vested in the collective, that is, ultimately in the Council of Confederation.

“Wars of mourning or wars of capture. The Iroquois used to warrior in small bands of no more than a few dozen men; if on occasion an army of several hundred individuals was formed, it was divided into small units as the enemy approached. By this tactic, the Iroquois intended to minimize the loss of life. “…a victory tinged with the blood of the Winners is not a victory, (…) the glory of the Chef consists mainly in bringing back his whole world safe and sound. Charlevoix, 1744.”

The choice of matriarchy

The choice of constant matriarchy among those societies that preceded us is indeed the foundation of the peaceful life of groups and the basis of relations between groups.

Beauty and feminine seduction do not serve only as a motive to create a cosmetics or beauty market as in our liberal economic society, they are used in the social development of the group to nurture the alliances that are necessary for it. We are no longer at the first stage of everyday consumer goods, which is the first level of work in a society. We are in the second stage: participation in the creation and development of a political, economic and social work: the preservation and pursuit of a happiness of living together according to rules established jointly voluntarily, according to standards of living in groups.

Femininity also participates in the third level of work in a society: the exercise of free speech in political debate and political decision-making at collective level: mothers are the real power holders and the fire keepers.

There is not here the strict equality of the ballot paper which, moreover, does not mean anything in terms of equality between men and women, but there is a balance, an equality in the distribution of political, economic and social responsibilities between men and women and, in order to determine a political conflict, the power to decide and to decide is not attributed to a higher institution which covers the others and whose members would be selected from among the citizens by processes which are always and necessarily questionable, undemocratic. On the contrary, this power to decide belongs to the community of mothers, to those who exercise or have exercised the human responsibility to give life.

The mothers decide lastly from a declaration of war.

As with the Gauls and the Celts, it is therefore they who will ultimately decide whether their men, their children will go to war or not. There is no such thing as infighting between small chiefs who want to become great chiefs because the institutions do not allow it and because mothers have the power to break up a bad or bellicose leader. We keep these practices up-to-date in our constitution of the citizen life networks we develop on this website.

Nations organized into Local Life Networks

The bottom-up organization of Iroquois society allows it to dispense with the state, this form of power that is rightly separated from the people, as Marx and Engels wrote so well. The state takes its place whenever a minority takes power and intends to exercise it over a people through top-down communication, an autocratic hierarchical relationship. This Great Law which binds the Iroquois nation and today the Haudenosaunee people belongs to the rules of organization of the networks which establish the autonomy of power in the social space closest to the people. 

The links between the Great Law that binds and the medieval organization of Benedictines and Egyptian rules.

When we started this website, we were looking for these rules. Our research went first to the rule of Bernard of Clairvaux and the rule of the Order of the Temple which accompanied the beginnings of the time of cathedrals in Europe. It must be noted here that these rules have suffered so many political vicissitudes and so many efforts to conceal and sideline them on French soil that they no longer reach us in their original origin.

However, through this confederal constitution of the six Indian nations, it is as if we were to find this spirit that lived in Europe.

The reading of this Great Law that binds us is no stranger to us. It draws from the same source, from the same will to unite human beings so that they find the peace they need on earth to prepare, each at his own time, for the passage into the life after life according to the Great Law of Creation.

Reading the founder legend of the Great Law that Lies, the account of the genesis of this union shows us the arrival of a prophet man wielding supernatural powers and triumphing over carnal death in the image of Jesus. Some have even come to say that Jesus a few centuries later might have returned to the edge of the Indian Great Lakes to resume his ministry. This prophet, the Iroquois Indians call him Deganawidah. He was born by a virgin girl of the Huron people and during her pregnancy, she had the visit of a messenger of dreams who gave her the name of her child: Deganawidah. 

So many coincidences deserve a break. What if there was a link between this body of knowledge kept for millennia in the temple of Denderah and then transmitted by the Greek scholars then the Christian scholars, the fathers of the desert after the fall of the Roman Empire in Egypt. This movement consolidated by Benedict of Nursia on Mount Cassin from the year 500 A.D. and which also lived in the Christian communities that refused the prohibitions of the Council of Nicaea in the year 320, had this movement been able to transport itself to North America as it is established that it migrated to South and Central America following the Viking and then Temple expeditions?

Alex Grauer in his book presented here does not dwell on the precise date of the establishment of the great law which links the Iroquois people. This date can raise the known controversy of the discovery of the American continent long before 1492 and Christophe Columbus. We approach this question in part 3, chapter on the discovery of the new world by the Vikings and the fleet of the order of the Temple, also Float Viking but of Normandy.

The first document used here, the French translation of the great law that links, gives the date of August 31, 1142.

This date corresponds to the presence of the Irish monks who by Iceland took the road to the North Atlantic to go to North America and especially in their maritime and colonies bases established on the banks of the Gulf of the St. Lawrence. In this region, they were sheltered from storms from the ocean. We are going to come there further. In 1142, we were in Europe in the medieval booming period.

The oldest sources of life networks organizations.

Linking this Iroquois confederal constitution dating from the 13th and 14th centuries to this practice of network organization originating in our western world from ancient Egypt and Denderah is now possible and entirely credible. That’s what we’re going to show. 

The two Atlantean colonies that developed after the last great cataclysm.

The origins of relations between the European continent and the American continent go back to the times before the last great cataclysm, the last tipping of the earth on its axis, when the civilization of Atlantis radiated on earth. After this last great cataclysm, the surviving peoples retained the memory of this knowledge while they had to live in severely deteriorated conditions and economic and cultural misery.

The treasure of Priam in Troy preserves pottery from Tiahuanaco in the Andes

A trace of these vestiges of Atlantis preserved piously by the learned and great spiritual masters of the peoples is delivered to us in a manuscript by Henry Schliemann published by his grandson Paul Schliemann:

“In 1873, during my excavations in the ruins of Troy at Hissarlik, when I discovered, in the second layer, the famous treasure of Priam, I discovered under this treasure a bronze vase of a particular shape. 

This vase contained some shards of clay, various small metal objects, coins and petrified bone objects. Several of these objects and the bronze vase bore an inscription in Phoenician hieroglyphs. The registration was: King Chronos of Atlantis.

A document marked with the letter B said: 

In 1883, I saw at the Louvre a collection of objects from excavations carried out at Tiahuanaku in Central America (this is Tiahuanaco in Bolivia, n.d.r.l.). I noticed pieces of pottery of exactly the same size and material, and also petrified bone objects absolutely similar to those I found in the bronze vase of Priam’s Treasure. 

The similarity of these two sets of objects could not be randomly implicated. The vases of Central America did not contain Phoenician script or other inscriptions. I hastened to re-examine my personal specimens and was convinced that the inscriptions drawn by a foreign hand were more recent than the objects themselves.

Having obtained some fragments from Tiahuanaku, I subjected them to chemical and microscopic examination. This examination unquestionably established that the two series of pottery, both those of Central America and those of Troy, were of the same particular kind of clay which is not found either in the ancient Phoenicia or in Central America. 

The analysis of the objects establishes that the metal was composed of platinum, aluminum and copper, an alloy that is nowhere else among the vestiges of the past and that is currently unknown. So I came to the conclusion that these objects from two countries so far apart were made of the same substance and probably had the same origin. But the objects themselves are not Phoenicians, Mycenaeans, or Americans. What should we think? 

That once from the same point of origin, they arrived at the two different places where they were found? The inscription on my objects revealed this point of origin: Atlantis.

This extraordinary discovery encouraged me to pursue my research with new energy.”

Traces of other Atlantean remains

We now know that other Atlantean remains were discovered in Tripolitania and are identical to those of Tiahuanaco and Troy.

Traces of coca discovered in 1992 in Egyptian mummies also show that the road between the two surviving Atlantean colonies of the last great cataclysm has always remained open, passing through Asia and the route of oases, using straits between continents rather than the great sea crossings.

We have also known since that Tiahuanaco and its region served as a base for the arrival of people from the planet Venus at a very remote date and then at a new arrival when this planet passed near the Earth before getting closer to the Sun and becoming inhospitable to life. Then, after the last great cataclysm, when the continent of Atlantis disappeared, survivors came back to consolidate this founding place of their human civilization. But the geological upheavals offered little prospect for development. Another colony of survivors then settled on the banks of the Nile, this river whose course was modified during this last great cataclysm and which is at the confluence of the three continents of the Eurasian block. This knowledge kept in the double house of life of the temple of Denderah was pursued by the Coptic, Syrian, Irish or Benedictine monks. The history of these European expeditions to the American Atlantic colony is well known. 

The links between European and American Indian civilizations:

The 3 waves of arrival of the Vikings and the Irish monks on the coasts of North America

In our chapter on the Templars and from the extracts of the book: The Templars in America by Jacques de Maheu, the enigmas of the universe, Robert Laffont, 1981, we established the 3 waves of arrival of the Vikings and the Irish monks on the coasts of North America

  • The first wave from the 4th to the 12th century was the arrival of the Irish monks belonging to the columbite order of culdees. Columbite monks were sailors as well as religious. Very quickly from their new monasteries, they sailed south and Mexico. In the year 877, to escape the presence of the Vikings in Iceland, about fifty monks and oblates took to the sea and we never heard about it again. 

In 963, Viking Ari Marsson was thrown by the storm onto an unknown coast, that of “Huitramannaland” or “land of white men”, west of Vinland. Ari was held there and baptized.

  • The second wave was in 1967, when Viking Ullman Jarl landed in Panuco, in the Gulf of Mexico. This is the second arrival, the “last arrival” of white men for the Maya.
  • The third wave is that of the Templars around 1250, 1294 and in 1307 came a last group. They helped the descendants of the Vikings to found the Inca Empire and then participated in its development. In 40 years, from 1272 to 1307, they had done business with the Vikings, mainly to bring money back to the port of La Rochelle and with this precious metal that has become a new currency, to finance the construction of their movement: abbeys, temple houses and especially cathedrals.

Around 1250, monks christianized the region of Tiahuanaco. After 1307, the adventure ended, Peru in full anarchy was not a satisfactory refuge for the escaped Templar brothers from Europe, they preferred Mexico. 

The “people who build” the long houses

Another link with the culture of the Vikings is precisely in the name of the “people who build” the long houses. With this art of construction, the Iroquois would abandon their tents and find more comfort.

maisons longues iroquoiens

For the Vikings, the long pit house is the easiest to build and it is well suited to isolate the house during the winter thanks to its buried part as well as during the summer to cool the house. For more elaborate constructions, the long house is built above ground with a frame that resembles that of an overturned Viking boat.

maison fosse viking

With the arrival of the Temple Fleet, which established a transit base in the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Central and South America to access Tihuanaco and the silver mine in Mexico, the soldier monks taught the Iroquois the art of agriculture, architecture and community life.

According to the Iroquois tradition, the Great Law that Binds their Nations was taught by a white man, a monk, around 1350. That is to say, after the destruction of the Order of the Temple in Europe and the exile of the Temple Fleet to the Americas. The Templar monk soldiers then participated in the development of the Inca empire from Mexico. They maintained the colonies and bases established on the North Atlantic Maritime Route to Iceland and Scandinavia as well as the direct trade route to Europe.

Another example of trade between continents long before Christopher Columbus and the imposture imposed by the papacy on the discovery of non-European and Asian continents: Roman amphorae and the Roman ship discovered off the coast of Brazil. The discovery in late September 2016 in Japan by Japanese archeologists who announced that they had found Roman coins in the ruins of a tower on the island of Okinawa (in the Ryū-Kyū Islands archipelago – Japan), a distance of ten thousand kilometers from Rome. 

For the time being, let us know how to appreciate the pleasure of having found this piece of political knowledge capable of uniting different nations in peace and this testimony that the words of life know how to travel around our world in a freedom of movement that the dogmas of the autocrats who rule our systems of power cannot stop. The people who build is alive and well, they are always on the road to new achievements! Each generation to take the necessary steps forward. It is up to us to draft a new constitution for citizens’ networks of life. 

In the USA, this map of Indian tribes is missing from the history books.

http://www.epochtimes.fr/en-amerique-cette-carte-est-absente-des-livres-dhistoire-41105.html

Aux USA, cette carte des tribus indiennes est absente des livres d’histoire
carte des tribus indiennes aux USA

Native American Testimonies:

sagesse amérindienne les deux loups qui vivent en nous

An old Indian explains to his grandson that each of us has in him two wolves who engage in battle.
The first wolf represents serenity, love and kindness
The second wolf represents fear, greed and hatred.
“Which of the two wolves wins?” asks the child.
“The one we feed” responds the grandfather.
– Amerindian wisdom –

White people don’t care about the land, the deer or the bear

“Whites make fun of the land, the deer or the bear. When we Indians look for roots, we make small holes. When we build our teepees, we make little holes. We only use dead wood. 

The white man flips the ground, cuts down the trees, destroys everything. The tree says, “Stop, I’m hurt, don’t hurt me.” But he shoots it down and spits it out. 

The spirit of the earth hates him. He rips the trees and shakes them to their roots. He saws trees. It hurts them. The Indians never hurt, while the white man demolishes everything. He explodes the rocks and leaves them scattered on the ground. The rock says, “Stop, you’re hurting me.” But the white man doesn’t notice. 

When Indians use stones, they take them small and round to make their fire… 

How could the spirit of the earth love the white man?… Wherever he touches it, he leaves a wound.” 

Old Wise Wintu (California Indians) 

We have a limited time on earth

You arrived naked.

You will leave naked.

You arrived weak.

You will leave weak.

You arrived without goods or money,

You will also leave without goods or money.

Your first bath? Someone washed you.

Your last bath? Someone will wash you.

That’s life !!!

So why so much malice?

Why so much desire?

Why so much hatred?

Why so much resentment?

Why so much selfishness?

Be good with each,

Do good things.

We have a limited time on earth

Do not waste it in unnecessary things. “

Amerindian wisdom

Before our white brothers came to civilize us, we had no prison. Therefore, there were no offenders.

“Before our white brothers came to civilize us, we had no prison. Therefore, there were no offenders. We didn’t have any keys or locks, so there were no thieves. When someone was too poor to afford a horse, a blanket or a tent, they could receive it as a gift. We were so uncivilized that we did not attach such importance to private property. We wanted to own things to give to others, to help each other. We had no money, so the value of a Man could not be determined by his wealth. We had no law (written), no lawyer (or prosecutor), no politician, therefore we were not able to cheat or defraud others. We were really going down a wrong road before the white men came, and I really can’t explain how we were going to get by without these fundamental things (which our white brothers told us) that are absolutely necessary for a civilized society.”

John Lame deer (Native American, born 1903 on Native American reserve in USA and died 1976).

Kill the Indian in the child’s heart.

The Indian Act, passed in Canada in 1876, was intended to make Native Americans second-class citizens separated from the white population

The Indian Act, passed in Canada in 1876, was intended to make Native Americans second-class citizens separate from the white population, and to settle a nomadic people to better control their territories and resources. A cultural genocide, generations of abused children: an unrelenting investigation into the origin of the trauma that haunts Canada’s Aboriginal communities. “They destroyed us because they wanted our land. What did I do to deserve this? I was just a child.” In Canada’s 2,000 Native American reserves, First Nations communities are trying to survive the trauma caused by the government’s acculturation policy.

The Church and the State have tried to make American Indian children “good little Christians” and to “civilize” them by locking them up in “residential schools”, the last of which closed its doors only in 1996. Generations of girls and boys were tortured from their parents and victims of torture (including electric chairs) and rape. Alcoholism, drug addiction, femicides and the wave of suicides that now afflict Native Americans are the direct consequences.

The Roots of Evil is a Canadian taboo: gigantic, deep, icy. While a few lawsuits were filed, Native American advocates were shocked to discover that the government was falsifying evidence and deleting the names of alleged perpetrators from the archives.

Denouncing a real cultural genocide, Gwenlaouen’s film Le Gouil (Rohingya, the mechanics of crime) is intended to be an initiatory journey to the roots of the evil that is gnawing at Amerindian cultures. In spite of the astonishment caused by the facts that he illuminates, in spite of the words of those whose identity is beaten in the breach, Killing the Indian… does not swing into a hopeless sadness. A new generation of fighters emerged alongside survivors, guardians of memory with more modern tools to defend their dignity in the face of a government of unchanged cynicism. Documentary by Gwenlaouen Le Gouil (France, 2020, 1h13mn)

American veterans apologize to the Indians. 

By Axel Leclercq -7 December 2016 

Excerpt: 

No one could have expected such a scene. Last Monday, veterans of the US military bowed to an Indian leader asking for forgiveness. I apologize for the stolen land, the massacred Indians and the broken treaties. A historic moment of intense emotion… 

The man who gave this incredible speech of repentance was Wes Clark Jr., the son of Wesley Clark, the former U.S. general in charge of the NATO forces. His words are only stronger. 

We came, we fought you, we took your land. We have signed treaties which we have broken. We stole minerals from your sacred hills. We have carved the faces of our presidents on your sacred mountains. We have not respected you, we have polluted your Earth, we have injured you in so many ways that we have come to tell you how sorry we are. We are at your service and we beg your forgiveness.

When Wes Clark spoke, surrounded by many veterans, he was in tears. His speech was addressed directly to Leonard Crow Dog, a Sioux activist and spiritual leader. It directly echoed last Sunday’s abandonment of the construction of a pipeline on Sioux territory after weeks of Indian resistance. 

In response to this strong gesture, Leonard Crow Dog accepted the pardon and added some clarifications: 

We were a nation, and we are still a nation. We have a language. We have preserved our rank. The land does not belong to us. We belong to the earth. Leonard Crow Dog.

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